Groundwater Quality Assessment in Western Libya: Spotlight on Nitrate, Nitrites and Public Health Risks

Abstract

Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water in Libya, especially in arid regions where surface water is scarce. However, increasing agricultural activities and poor environmental regulations have contributed to groundwater contamination, particularly by nitrates. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of groundwater from four regions in western Libya—Janzour, Ain Zara, Gharyan, and the Artificial River—focusing on nitrate and nitrite levels due to their significant health risks. Water samples were collected and analyzed using standard methods for parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, and nutrient pollutants. Results showed that while samples from Ain Zara and Janzour met national standards, the Gharyan sample exhibited alarmingly high nitrate (111 mg/L), total hardness (780 mg/L), and electrical conductivity (1720 µS/cm), exceeding Libyan and WHO guidelines. Nitrite was not detected in any sample. Elevated nitrate levels pose a serious health threat, particularly to infants and pregnant women, due to risks of methemoglobinemia and carcinogenic nitrosamine formation. The findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced water monitoring, public education on fertilizer use, and implementation of treatment technologies. This study provides evidence-based recommendations to guide policymakers in safeguarding groundwater quality and protecting public health in Libya