Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Shoulder Instability: A Review

Abstract

Shoulder instability, particularly anterior dislocation, is a common issue in younger, active individuals. The goals of nonoperative care include restoring mobility, alleviating discomfort, and preventing recurrence. After a brief period of sling immobilisation, intravenous analgesics, and intra-articular injections, physical therapy focusing on the rotator cuff and periscapular muscles is usually administered. Although they need further study, new tactics like immobilisation in external rotation show promise. The goals of nonoperative care include restoring mobility, alleviating discomfort, and preventing recurrence. After a brief period of sling immobilisation, intravenous analgesics, and intra-articular injections, physical therapy focusing on the rotator cuff and periscapular muscles is usually administered. Although they need further study, novel methods like immobilisation in external rotation show promise. Recurrent instability, particularly in athletes, should be treated surgically. Good results are obtained with less invasive arthroscopic techniques as well as open operations like Bankart repair. Following surgery, rehabilitation is crucial to regaining function and averting further instability.