Multifactorial Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight: Insights from a Comparative Case Series in Libya

Abstract

Low birth weight (LBW) remains a major determinant of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, reflecting the interplay of biological, behavioral, and socio‑environmental factors. This comparative case series study was conducted at Aljalla maternity hospital, Libya, during 2024, to identify maternal and perinatal risk factors associated with LBW among term infants. A total of 200 mothers were included: 100 who delivered LBW infants (<2500 g) and 100 who delivered normal birth weight (NBW) infants (2500–4000 g). Data were collected using structured worksheets and analyzed with SPSS version 21. Results showed that younger maternal age, primigravidity, nulliparity, and irregular antenatal care were significantly associated with LBW (p<0.05). Maternal diseases such as pregnancy‑induced hypertension, chronic hypertension, urinary tract infections, and anemia were also significant contributors. Passive smoking exposure was more frequent among mothers of LBW infants. In contrast, maternal BMI and history of abortion showed no significant association. These findings are consistent with global evidence linking LBW to maternal age, parity, chronic disease, smoking exposure, and antenatal care utilization. The study underscores the multifactorial etiology of LBW and highlights the need for strengthening antenatal services, addressing maternal health conditions, and implementing public health interventions to reduce passive smoking exposure. Targeted strategies focusing on high‑risk groups may improve neonatal outcomes and reduce the burden of LBW in Libya.